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This category includes amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar panels. They are made by depositing thin semiconductor films on substrates like glass or metal. Characterized by light weight, flexibility (for some types), and low cost, they have a conversion efficiency of 10%-18%. However, their durability is relatively poor, with a service life of 10-20 years. They are often used in special scenarios such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), portable power supplies, and small electronic devices.